There are competing views about the importance of content in PIU. An instructive finding to this end is a recent study that shows significant improvement in PIU with the treatment of comorbid OCD ( Bipeta, Yerramilli, Karredla, & Gopinath, 2015). Second, it casts a shadow on “atheoretical and confirmatory” approaches used to identify a new diagnostic category ( Pincus, Tew, & First, 2004). First, it questions the specificity of a diagnostic category (is it separate from another disorder?) ( Miller, 2007). This poses special challenges for a diagnostic category that is not well established for two reasons ( Klein & Riso, 1993). Furthermore, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have confirmed these findings, showing a strong association between ADHD, depression, and PIU ( Carli et al., 2013 Ko, Yen, Yen, Chen, & Chen, 2012). Multiple cross-sectional studies show that subjects who have so-called “Internet addiction” also frequently have disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder ( Ha et al., 2006 Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen, & Yen, 2008 Wolfling, Beutel, Dreier, & Muller, 2015).
Excessive Internet use leading to psychological, social, and occupational problems is varyingly termed as PIU, Internet addiction disorder, and Internet dependence ( Spada, 2014 Young, 1998). Increasing Internet use has been accompanied by concerns regarding problematic Internet use (PIU).
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